The subject

The Histology and Embryology-2 subject will give the necessary background for understanding physiological and pathophysiological processes. Knowing about normal human development is essential for comprehension of the normal anatomical situation and explains many of the developmental malformations. During the semester you will get acquainted with the light and electronmicroscopical structure of different organs and organ systems and their formation and further development in the embryo and fetus. This is the second part of the two-semester subject.

In the histology practices, the students must work in the histology workbook and make a sketch of every slide studied during the semester. The goal of the drawings in not the brush-up of your artistic skills, or replacing the micro-photos, but it is an excellent tool to motivate you to study every details of the slide. A good schematic drawing shows that you examined and understood the important features of the actual tissue. You will be allowed to sit for the exam only if your histology lab teacher accepted your Histology Workbook.

The exam

The exam is an oral-practical exam at the end of the semester.

The students enroll for the oral practical semester exam individually, according to the regulations of the regulation of the Medical School (NEPTUN). The exam takes place in one sitting. In general, three or four students are present in the place of the exam. One of them is performing, the others are preparing. You will get practical and theoretical questions. The exam consists of three parts. The students pick an envelope with two slides, and an embryology question. Each part of the exam is evaluated ("part-scores"). You have cca. 30 minutes to get prepared with the topics. The (active part of the) exam lasts for about 20-40 minutes.

Parts of the exam:

Description of two slides. The slides are the same as those studied during the semester; however, they are not necessarily from the same tissue specimen that was shown in the practice. Recognizing the slide is not enough to pass that question!!! During the exam you will get questions in connection with the basic tissues in the slide, and about the general histology of the given organ system. You will get two sub-scores for the two slides.
Answering the question in embryology (1 sub-score).

During the exam - besides your topic - you will get short general questions from the material of the semester. If you cannot answer your embryology topic satisfactorily, the examiner will decide based on your general embryology knowledge whether your knowledge is enough to pass the exam, or not.

For a successful exam your knowledge must be sufficient both of Histology and Embryology. The final mark of the exam is calculated as weighted average of the "part-scores". Students who lack foundational histological knowledge (even if recognizing the slide) or basic embryological concepts, fail the exam.

Retakes and correction exams are identical with the "A" exams in every respect. These exams are neither easier nor more difficult than the "A" exams

We call your attention that the semester will be accepted only (you will be allowed to sit for the exam) if you did not exceed the absence limit (see information of absences), and your histology lab teacher accepted your Histology Workbook.

Exam questions

Embryology

1. Formation of the heart tube, parts of the heart loop.
2. Septum formation in the common atrium. Development of the atrioventricular orifices of the heart. Malformations.
3. Septum formation in the ventricles and the conus and truncus arteriosus Malformations.
4. Development of the arterial system. Malformations.
5. Development of the venous system. Malformations.
6. Fetal circulation. Circulatory changes at birth.
7. Facial swellings. Development of the face and lips. Malformations.
8. Development of the oral and nasal cavities. Malformations.
9. Development of the tongue and thyroid gland. Malformations.
10. Development and derivatives of the pharyngeal arches. Malformations.
11. Development and derivatives of the pharyngeal clefts and pouches. Malformations.
12. Development and derivatives of the foregut (with exclusion of the pharyngeal gut). Malformations.
13. Development and derivatives of the midgut. Malformations.
14. Separation of the body cavities. Development of the diaphragm and the serous membranes. Malformations.
15. Development of larynx, trachea, and lungs. Malformations.
16. Development of the kidney. Malformations.
17. Differentiation of the cloaca, development of the ureter and urethra.
18. Development of the gonads.
19. Development and malformations of the male genital canal.
20. Development and malformations of the female genital canal.
21. Development and of the external genitalia. Malformations.
22. Disorders of sex development. Intersex in humans.

Histology slides

1. Lip HE
2. Gl parotis HE
3. Gl sublingualis HE
4. Gl submandibularis HE
5. Gl sublingualis PAS-H
6. Ground tooth Fuchsin
7. Tooth development (early) HE
8. Tooth development (early) Azan
9. Tooth development (advanced) HE
10. Tooth development (advanced) Azan
11. Tongue Fili- and fungiform papillae HE
12. Tongue Papillae vallate HE
13. Lingual tonsil HE
14. Palatine tonsil HE
15. Lymph node HE
16. Spleen HE
17. Thymus HE
18. Larynx HE
19. Trachea HE
20. Lung HE
21. Lung orcein
22. Wall of the heart HE
(exam-slide from the year 2015/2016) 23 Esophagus HE
24 Cardia HE
25. Corpus ventriculi HE
26. Corpus ventriculi PAS-H
27. Pars pylorica ventriculi HE
28. Pars pylorica ventriculi PAS-H
29. Duodenum HE
30. Jejunum HE
31. Ileum HE
32. Colon HE
33. Appendix vermiformis HE
34. Rectum HE
35. Myenteric plexus (NADPH)
36. Liver (human) Azan
37. Liver (human) HE
38. Liver injected with Indian-ink HE
39. Liver bile-capillaries Golgi
40. Gall bladder HE
41. Pancreas HE
42. Kidney HE
43. Kidney injected with Indian-ink HE
44. Urinary bladder HE
45. Ureter HE
46. Ovary HE
47. Ovarium (corpus luteum) HE
48. Oviduct HE
49. Uterus (phase of prolif) HE
50. Uterus (phase of secretion) HE
51. Uterus (cervix) HE
52. Vagina HE
53. Placenta HE
54 Parietal decidua HE
55. Umbilical cord HE
56. Non-lactating mammary gland HE
57. Lactating mammary gland HE
58. Testis HE
59. Epididymis HE
60. Epididymis Azan
61. Spermatic cord HE
62. Seminal vesicle HE
63. Prostate gland HE
64. Penis HE
65. Penis (corpus spongiosum) HE

Suggested textbooks

Histology

Michael H Ross PhD; Gordon I Kaye PhD; Wojciech Pawlina MD: Histology: A Text and Atlas With Cell and Molecular Biology
or:
Luiz Junqueira, Jose Carneiro: Basic Histology: Text & Atlas, 10th Edition

Embryology

Thomas Sadler: Langman's Medical Embryology)